Pathways to Recovery: Genomics and Resistance Assays for Tree Species Devastated by the Myrtle Rust Pathogen

The latest collaborative paper from the lab is out in Molecular Ecology, with another great contribution from former PhD student Stephanie Chen. I really enjoyed collaborating with the team at the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust (and beyond), and this accomplishment feels like a fitting way to celebrate my first week as an ecological consultant at ORS. It combines reference genomes with population genomic data and resistance assays to provide hope in the fight against invasive pathogens - the notorious myrtle rust in this case - but with a warning: these species, like so many, have already suffered dramatic losses of genetic variation.

We have the tools and the knowledge to save biodiversity. We need the political will. And we don’t have the time to delay any further.

Chen SH, Yap YS, Viler V, Stehn C, Sandhu KS, Percival J, Pegg GS, Menzies T, Jones A, Guo K, Giblin FR, Cohen J, Edwards RJ, Rossetto M & Bragg JG (2025): Pathways to Recovery: Genomics and Resistance Assays for Tree Species Devastated by the Myrtle Rust Pathogen. Molecular Ecology e70030. [Mol Ecol] [PubMed] [bioRxiv]

Abstract

Myrtle rust is a plant disease caused by the invasive fungal pathogen Austropuccinia psidii (G. Winter) Beenken, which has a global host list of 480 species. It was detected in Australia in 2010 and has caused the rapid decline of native Myrtaceae species, including rainforest trees Rhodamnia rubescens (Benth.) Miq. (scrub turpentine) and Rhodomyrtus psidioides (G.Don) Benth. (native guava). Ex situ collections of these species have been established, with the goal of preserving remaining genetic variation. Analysis of reduced representation sequencing (DArTseq; n = 444 for R. rubescens and n = 301 for R. psidioides) showed genetic diversity is distributed along a latitudinal gradient across the range of each species. A panel of samples of each species (n = 27 for R. rubescens and n = 37 for R. psidioides) was resequenced at genome scale, revealing large historical effective population sizes, and little variation among individuals in inferred levels of deleterious load. In Rhodamnia rubescens, experimental assays (n = 297) identified individuals that are putatively resistant to myrtle rust. This highlights two important points: there are tangible pathways to recovery for species that are highly susceptible to rust via a genetically informed breeding programme, and there is a critical need to act quickly before more standing diversity is lost.

Chromosome-level de novo genome assembly of Telopea speciosissima (New South Wales waratah) using long-reads, linked-reads and Hi-C

The latest genomics paper from the lab is now out on bioRvix. This is the first paper from Stephanie Chen’s PhD project in collaboration with the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust (RBGDT), Sydney. In this paper, Stephanie reports on the chromosome-level assembly of the New South Wales Waratah, the floral emblem of NSW. This is the first of the pilot reference genomes to be released from the Genomics for Australian Plants initiative.

In addition to the genome itself, this paper describes a couple of genomics tools from the lab. DepthSizer (https://github.com/slimsuite/depthsizer) uses BUSCO predictions to establish the single-copy read depth of sequencing data, from which the genome size can be estimated in a way that is hopefully quite robust to assembly quality. Diploidocus (https://github.com/slimsuite/diploidocus) has been used for our previous Dog genome assemblies to help eliminate “haplotigs” (heterozygous regions of the genome that appear in the assembly twice), and low-quality sequences, in addition to flagging possible collapsed repeats or contaminants for further investigation. Here, the Diploidocus “tidy” pipeline is considerably extended for a much more nuanced classification and filtering of scaffolds, using a combination of read depths, homology, kmer analysis and BUSCO predictions.

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Chen SH, Rossetto M, van der Merwe M, Lu-Irving P, Yap JS, Sauquet H, Bourke G, Bragg JG & Edwards RJ (preprint): Chromosome-level de novo genome assembly of Telopea speciosissima (New South Wales waratah) using long-reads, linked-reads and Hi-C. bioRxiv 2021.06.02.444084; doi: 10.1101/2021.06.02.444084.
[bioRxiv]

Abstract

Background: Telopea speciosissima, the New South Wales waratah, is Australian endemic woody shrub in the family Proteaceae. Waratahs have great potential as a model clade to better understand processes of speciation, introgression and adaptation, and are significant from a horticultural perspective. Findings: Here, we report the first chromosome-level reference genome for T. speciosissima. Combining Oxford Nanopore long-reads, 10x Genomics Chromium linked-reads and Hi-C data, the assembly spans 823 Mb (scaffold N50 of 69.0 Mb) with 91.2 % of Embryophyta BUSCOs complete. We introduce a new method in Diploidocus (https://github.com/slimsuite/diploidocus) for classifying, curating and QC-filtering assembly scaffolds. We also present a new tool, DepthSizer (https://github.com/slimsuite/depthsizer), for genome size estimation from the read depth of single copy orthologues and find that the assembly is 93.9 % of the estimated genome size. The largest 11 scaffolds contained 94.1 % of the assembly, conforming to the expected number of chromosomes (2n = 22). Genome annotation predicted 40,158 protein-coding genes, 351 rRNAs and 728 tRNAs. Our results indicate that the waratah genome is highly repetitive, with a repeat content of 62.3 %. Conclusions: The T. speciosissima genome (Tspe_v1) will accelerate waratah evolutionary genomics and facilitate marker assisted approaches for breeding. Broadly, it represents an important new genomic resource of Proteaceae to support the conservation of flora in Australia and further afield.

Dr Collin Ahrens (Postdoc)

Dr Collin Ahrens joined the Edwards lab as a postdoctoral researcher in January of 2021. He studies local adaptation to environmental variation (e.g. pathogens, drought, heatwaves etc.), and investigates how these adaptive patterns can be used to manage plant populations.

Local adaptation is often driven by differential physiological responses to environmental stress, controlled by genetic mechanisms. Therefore, he focuses on the E + G = P paradigm to ask questions such as how do populations evolve such different responses to different environmental conditions? And how do species evolve such different responses to the same environmental conditions? To answer these fundamental questions, he leverages several computational techniques to disentangle patterns of adaptation. At the Edwards lab, he will use whole genome sequencing, quantitative genetics, and physiological experimentation to explore how myrtle rust resistance segregates within Melaleuca quinquenervia populations to assist in broader conservation programs, including applied outcomes such as seed collection and ex situ breeding programs.

We’ve been funded! ARC Linkage - Optimising plant populations for ecological restoration and resilience

We are very happy to report another successful ARC Linkage grant application.

LP180100721: Optimising plant populations for ecological restoration and resilience

Dr Richard Edwards; Professor Justin Borevitz; Dr Jason Bragg; Dr Maurizio Rossetto; Dr Brett Summerell; Dr Marlien van der Merwe

When choosing individual plants for restoration populations, there is potentially a trade-off between maximising genetic diversity (‘adaptability’) and selection for desirable properties (‘adaptation’). This project aims to develop pioneering methods to quantify this trade-off, and facilitate the design of optimised populations, with a focus on two Australian rainforest trees that are being impacted by myrtle rust infection: Rhodamnia argentea and Rhodamnia rubescens. By studying the genetic variation in each species, and how this relates to myrtle rust resistance and climate, this project aims to design populations that are genetically diverse, maximally resistant to myrtle rust, and adapted to future climate.

We are collaborating with the Royal Botanic Garden and Domain Trust to apply genomics to challenges of conservation for rainforest trees in the face of climate change and invasive pathogens.

There will be job and studentship opportunities associated with this grant, so watch this space (or get in touch)!

Stephanie Chen (PhD student)

Stephanie H. Chen joined the Edwards Lab at UNSW as a PhD student in May 2019. She is working on a collaborative project with the Royal Botanic Garden and Domain Trust and is co-supervised by Richard Edwards and Jason Bragg. Her research focuses on landscape genomics of Myrtaceae species (includes eucalypts, paperbarks, and tea-trees) and the genetic basis of resistance to myrtle rust, which is of pressing concern to Australia’s native biodiversity. She is also contributing to assembling and annotating the waratah (Telopea speciosissima) genome as part of the Genomics for Australian Plants Framework Initiative.

Stephanie holds a Bachelor of Science (Honours) (First Class Honours and the University Medal) from the University of Sydney, Australia, with a major in Plant Science.

[LinkedIn]